An initiating function is a function which may be called to start an asynchronous operation. A completion handler is a function object that will be invoked, at most once, with the result of the asynchronous operation.

The lifecycle of an asynchronous operation is comprised of the following events and phases:

— Event 1: The asynchronous operation is started by a call to the initiating function.

— Phase 1: The asynchronous operation is now outstanding.

— Event 2: The externally observable side effects of the asynchronous operation, if any, are fully established. The completion handler is submitted to an executor.

— Phase 2: The asynchronous operation is now completed.

— Event 3: The completion handler is called with the result of the asynchronous operation.

In this library, all functions with the prefix async_ are initiating functions.