This tutorial demonstrates the use of the io_context::strand class to synchronise callback handlers in a multithreaded program.

The previous four tutorials avoided the issue of handler synchronisation by calling the io_context::run() function from one thread only. As you already know, the asio library provides a guarantee that callback handlers will only be called from threads that are currently calling io_context::run(). Consequently, calling io_context::run() from only one thread ensures that callback handlers cannot run concurrently.

The single threaded approach is usually the best place to start when developing applications using asio. The downside is the limitations it places on programs, particularly servers, including:

If you find yourself running into these limitations, an alternative approach is to have a pool of threads calling io_context::run(). However, as this allows handlers to execute concurrently, we need a method of synchronisation when handlers might be accessing a shared, thread-unsafe resource.

#include <iostream>
#include <asio.hpp>
#include <boost/bind.hpp>

We start by defining a class called printer, similar to the class in the previous tutorial. This class will extend the previous tutorial by running two timers in parallel.

class printer
{
public:

In addition to initialising a pair of asio::steady_timer members, the constructor initialises the strand_ member, an object of type io_context::strand.

An io_context::strand is an executor that guarantees that, for those handlers that are dispatched through it, an executing handler will be allowed to complete before the next one is started. This is guaranteed irrespective of the number of threads that are calling io_context::run(). Of course, the handlers may still execute concurrently with other handlers that were not dispatched through an io_context::strand, or were dispatched through a different io_context::strand object.

  printer(asio::io_context& io)
    : strand_(io),
      timer1_(io, asio::chrono::seconds(1)),
      timer2_(io, asio::chrono::seconds(1)),
      count_(0)
  {

When initiating the asynchronous operations, each callback handler is "bound" to an io_context::strand object. The asio::io_context::strand::bind_executor() function returns a new handler that automatically dispatches its contained handler through the io_context::strand object. By binding the handlers to the same io_context::strand, we are ensuring that they cannot execute concurrently.

    timer1_.async_wait(asio::bind_executor(strand_,
          boost::bind(&printer::print1, this)));

    timer2_.async_wait(asio::bind_executor(strand_,
          boost::bind(&printer::print2, this)));
  }

  ~printer()
  {
    std::cout << "Final count is " << count_ << std::endl;
  }

In a multithreaded program, the handlers for asynchronous operations should be synchronised if they access shared resources. In this tutorial, the shared resources used by the handlers (print1 and print2) are std::cout and the count_ data member.

  void print1()
  {
    if (count_ < 10)
    {
      std::cout << "Timer 1: " << count_ << std::endl;
      ++count_;

      timer1_.expires_at(timer1_.expiry() + asio::chrono::seconds(1));

      timer1_.async_wait(asio::bind_executor(strand_,
            boost::bind(&printer::print1, this)));
    }
  }

  void print2()
  {
    if (count_ < 10)
    {
      std::cout << "Timer 2: " << count_ << std::endl;
      ++count_;

      timer2_.expires_at(timer2_.expiry() + asio::chrono::seconds(1));

      timer2_.async_wait(asio::bind_executor(strand_,
            boost::bind(&printer::print2, this)));
    }
  }

private:
  asio::io_context::strand strand_;
  asio::steady_timer timer1_;
  asio::steady_timer timer2_;
  int count_;
};

The main function now causes io_context::run() to be called from two threads: the main thread and one additional thread. This is accomplished using an thread object.

Just as it would with a call from a single thread, concurrent calls to io_context::run() will continue to execute while there is "work" left to do. The background thread will not exit until all asynchronous operations have completed.

int main()
{
  asio::io_context io;
  printer p(io);
  asio::thread t(boost::bind(&asio::io_context::run, &io));
  io.run();
  t.join();

  return 0;
}

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