Defines an operation that is executed asynchronously, such as an asynchronous read or write on a socket.

Executes asynchronous operations and queues events on a completion event queue when operations complete. From a high-level point of view, internal services like reactive_socket_service are asynchronous operation processors.

Buffers completion events until they are dequeued by an asynchronous event demultiplexer.

Processes the result of an asynchronous operation. These are function objects, often created using boost::bind.

Blocks waiting for events to occur on the completion event queue, and returns a completed event to its caller.

Calls the asynchronous event demultiplexer to dequeue events, and dispatches the completion handler (i.e. invokes the function object) associated with the event. This abstraction is represented by the io_context class.

Application-specific code that starts asynchronous operations. The initiator interacts with an asynchronous operation processor via a high-level interface such as basic_stream_socket, which in turn delegates to a service like reactive_socket_service.

A reactor implemented using select, epoll or kqueue. When the reactor indicates that the resource is ready to perform the operation, the processor executes the asynchronous operation and enqueues the associated completion handler on the completion event queue.

A linked list of completion handlers (i.e. function objects).

This is implemented by waiting on an event or condition variable until a completion handler is available in the completion event queue.

This is implemented by the operating system. Operations are initiated by calling an overlapped function such as AcceptEx.

This is implemented by the operating system, and is associated with an I/O completion port. There is one I/O completion port for each io_context instance.

Called by Asio to dequeue events and their associated completion handlers.

Many operating systems offer a native asynchronous I/O API (such as overlapped I/O on Windows) as the preferred option for developing high performance network applications. The library may be implemented in terms of native asynchronous I/O. However, if native support is not available, the library may also be implemented using synchronous event demultiplexors that typify the Reactor pattern, such as POSIX select().

Long-duration operations are performed asynchronously by the implementation on behalf of the application. Consequently applications do not need to spawn many threads in order to increase concurrency.

Implementation strategies such as thread-per-connection (which a synchronous-only approach would require) can degrade system performance, due to increased context switching, synchronisation and data movement among CPUs. With asynchronous operations it is possible to avoid the cost of context switching by minimising the number of operating system threads — typically a limited resource — and only activating the logical threads of control that have events to process.

Asynchronous operation completion handlers can be written as though they exist in a single-threaded environment, and so application logic can be developed with little or no concern for synchronisation issues.

Function composition refers to the implementation of functions to provide a higher-level operation, such as sending a message in a particular format. Each function is implemented in terms of multiple calls to lower-level read or write operations.

For example, consider a protocol where each message consists of a fixed-length header followed by a variable length body, where the length of the body is specified in the header. A hypothetical read_message operation could be implemented using two lower-level reads, the first to receive the header and, once the length is known, the second to receive the body.

To compose functions in an asynchronous model, asynchronous operations can be chained together. That is, a completion handler for one operation can initiate the next. Starting the first call in the chain can be encapsulated so that the caller need not be aware that the higher-level operation is implemented as a chain of asynchronous operations.

The ability to compose new operations in this way simplifies the development of higher levels of abstraction above a networking library, such as functions to support a specific protocol.

It is more difficult to develop applications using asynchronous mechanisms due to the separation in time and space between operation initiation and completion. Applications may also be harder to debug due to the inverted flow of control.

Buffer space must be committed for the duration of a read or write operation, which may continue indefinitely, and a separate buffer is required for each concurrent operation. The Reactor pattern, on the other hand, does not require buffer space until a socket is ready for reading or writing.